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  • This house believes that the African Union should intervene militarily in Sudan

    Infoslide

    Since April 2023, Sudan has been engulfed in a brutal civil war between the Sudanese Armed Forces (SAF) and the paramilitary Rapid Support Forces (RSF), leading to the collapse of governance and widespread atrocities. Over 10 million people have been displaced and famine conditions are spreading across Darfur and other regions, with aid agencies struggling to access affected areas.

    Beijing International Schools Debating Championship 2025 · Semifinals · 2025-09-05

  • This house believes that the European Union should abandon its fiscal rules (i.e., debt and deficit limits) in favor of growth-first national economic policies

    Infoslide

    The European Union’s fiscal rules, known as the Stability and Growth Pact, require member states to limit their annual government deficit to 3% of GDP and public debt to 60% of GDP. A growth-first policy prioritizes economic expansion and employment, even if it requires sustained public spending and debt accumulation. It often entails deficit-financed investment in infrastructure with the assumption that growth will stabilize debt ratios over time.

    Connections IV 2025 · Round 5 · 2025-08-30

  • This house supports granting the International Criminal Court expanded jurisdiction over third-party suppliers and supporters of military operations that are later found to involve war crimes

    Infoslide

    Third-party suppliers and supporters of military operations may include a wide range of actors. These can include arms manufacturers and exporters who provide weapons and ammunition; companies that supply military technologies such as surveillance tools, targeting software, or satellite imagery; logistics firms that transport troops, weapons, or supplies; private security contractors offering intelligence or strategic support; and financial institutions that fund or insure military activities. Support may also come from foreign governments or non-state actors who offer training, funding, or other forms of assistance. In many cases, these actors are not directly involved in combat but contribute materially or operationally to the functioning of a military campaign. While international criminal law sometimes attributes liability to such actors under doctrines like aiding and abetting, this typically requires a high threshold of intent or knowledge regarding specific crimes.

    Cambridge Union Schools Debating Championship Australia New Zealand Round 2025 · Grand-final · 2025-08-30

  • This house supports the international seabed authority expediting the finalization of deep sea mining rules

    Infoslide

    The International Seabed Authority (ISA) is an intergovernmental body established under the UN Convention on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS) to regulate mineral-related activities in the international seabed area beyond national jurisdictions. It is partially funded by mining revenue. The international seabed area contains valuable minerals such as cobalt, nickel, and rare earth metals essential for renewable energy technologies. Current mining activity largely prevented by lack of regulatory structure, making mining de facto illegal in many places. The ISA is negotiating a Mining Code to set environmental safeguards, revenue-sharing mechanisms, and rules for partnerships between states and mining companies. The United States has not ratified UNCLOS and is not a party to the ISA. The International Seabed Authority (ISA)'s rules for deep-sea mining include provisions for the equitable sharing of benefits, with a focus on developing countries, including Small Island Developing States (SIDS). However, the core exploitation regulations, which would outline the specific partnering and benefit-sharing mechanisms, have not yet been finalized, despite the ISA's mandate and the expiration of a two-year deadline in 2023 to finalize them.

    Connections IV 2025 · Round 3 · 2025-08-30

  • This house believes that the Brazilian government should extend the Trans-Amazonian Highway to Pucallpa

    Infoslide

    The Trans-Amazonian Highway starts from Brazil’s Atlantic Coast and stretches 4000km across the Amazon, stopping at The Uncontacted Frontier. The Frontier contains the highest concentration of isolated tribes. Some tribes have asked for support from the Brazilian government. Others choose to be alone, and many have never been contacted. On the other side of the Frontier is the Peruvian city of Pucallpa, a thriving city with a bustling economy.

    VDC Contentions 2025 (English) · Pre Semi Finals · 2025-08-28

  • This house would make humanitarian aid a justifying circumstance.

    Infoslide

    A justifying circumstance in criminal law refers to instances where a person's actions, though may technically constitute a crime, are deemed lawful due to the specific circumstances surrounding them, thus negating both civil and criminal liability. For the purpose of this debate, this justifying circumstance means that crimes or violations done in furtherance or in the process of humanitarian aid should be absolved if the end-goal for which is humanitarian justice.

    2nd PRC IHL Debate Open · Round 3 · 2025-08-25

  • This house, as Rumi, would accept the deal with Gwi-Ma.

    Infoslide

    Unknown to the civilian population is the demon realm. This realm supplies demons, who are actually the source and origin of all international conflict and human rights violations. You are Rumi, a "demon-hunter". As the only demon-hunter, you are the only person who knows of the existence of the demon realm and the real reason behind the existence of international conflict. However, Gwi-Ma, the king of the demon realm, approached you to propose an agreement that if you cease from stopping their operations and refrain from killing demons for a period of 20 years, they will grant eternal peace and the world will experience no more global conflict. This agreement and promise is guaranteed. You are now PRESENTED with a decision to either continue your operations and try to kill demons with no guaranteed chance of success, or agree to the negotiation.

    2nd PRC IHL Debate Open · Round 2 · 2025-08-25

  • This house believes that states should be permitted to hire mercenaries with full combatant protection under IHL.

    Infoslide

    Under International Humanitarian Law, mercenaries are not granted full legal protection compared to combatants, Which includes prisoner-of-war status, combatant privilege, and repatriation rights.

    2nd PRC IHL Debate Open · Pre-finals · 2025-08-25

  • This house supports India's pivot in foreign policy doctrine towards military retaliation over strategic restraint

    Infoslide

    Demonstrative military retaliation refers to a doctrine where the state responds to cross-border attacks or provocations with visible, limited, and targeted military action. Strategic restraint refers to a doctrine where the state deliberately avoids overt military escalation in response to provocations

    K Pre-ABP Debate 2025 · Round 3 · 2025-08-23

  • This house opposes widespread catastrophizing narratives about the Trump presidency

    Infoslide

    In the run-up to, and after the 2024 US presidential election, there have been prominent catastrophizing narratives about the Trump presidency, including but not limited to claims that Trump is a threat to democracy and may pursue suspending elections and/or the Constitution in order to become an autocrat, direct comparisons of Trump to fascism, nazism and Adolf Hitler, fears that Trump's foreign policy would destroy international stability and result in large-scale global conflict, or claims that Trump would actively allow for the breakdown of law and order, and widespread violence against minority groups. These narratives are mostly perpetuated in liberal and progressive circles.

    Diliman Pre-Asian British Parliamentary 2025 · Round 4 · 2025-08-23

  • This house, as the SAARC, would establish a joint military arm

    Infoslide

    The South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation (SAARC) has eight member countries (Afghanistan, Bangladesh, Bhutan, India, Maldives, Nepal, Pakistan and Sri-Lanka) It was primarily established to expedite socio-economic progress in the South Asian region.

    7th Bicol Debate Open 2025 · Semifinals · 2025-08-23